Other substances

Bromelain

A proteolytic enzyme mixture.

Phase of research

Potential treatment - pre-clinical evidence

How it helps

Antiviral

Drug status

Natural product

Supporting references

Contradictory references

AI-suggested references

Clinical trials

General information

Bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes and other components found in pineapple. It was observed to have fibrinolytic, antiedematous, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory properties (Pavan et al., 2012).

Bromelain on DrugBank
Bromelain on Wikipedia

Supporting references

Link	Tested on	Impact factor	Notes	Publication date
Bromelain inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 infection via targeting ACE‐2, TMPRSS2, and spike protein Spike protein ACE2 TMPRSS2 Biophysical assay Protein factor In vitro Mixed substance In silico	in silico; in vitro biophysicall assay; Vero E6 cells; Calu-3 cells; BEAS‐2B cells; A549 cells; T3M4 cells; SARS-CoV-2 strain BEI_USA-WA1/2020	7.92	Bromelain reduced TMPRSS2 levels in various cell lines and ACE2 levels in Vero E6 cells (but not in Calu-3 cells), with its cysteine protease activity likely to be involved. Bromelain was also observed to cleave S-ectodomain and reduce the binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to Vero E6 cells. The enzyme reduced viral infection and viral RNA copy number in Vero E6 cells and Calu-3 cells.	Jan/17/2021
The Combination of Bromelain and Acetylcysteine (BromAc) Synergistically Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 Biophysical assay Protein factor Small molecule In vitro Mixed substance	in vitro biophysical assay; Vero cells; SARS-CoV-2 live virus	3.82	In a combined formulation with acetylcysteine (“BromAc”) the compound was active against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. It was observed to target both Envelope and Spike proteins.	Mar/06/2021

AI-suggested references

Link	Publication date
An Analysis Based on Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Bromelain as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Variants.	Aug/20/2021
Fruit Bromelain-Derived Peptide Potentially Restrains the Attachment of SARS-CoV-2 Variants to hACE2: A Pharmacoinformatics Approach	Jan/01/2022
The vital role of animal, marine, and microbial natural products against COVID-19	Mar/03/2022
Treatment of COVID-19 patients with quercetin: a prospective, single center, randomized, controlled trial	Dec/24/2021
The combination of bromelain and curcumin as an immune-boosting nutraceutical in the prevention of severe COVID-19	Oct/19/2021
Ex-vivo mucolytic and anti-inflammatory activity of BromAc in tracheal aspirates from COVID-19	Oct/18/2021

Clinical trials

ID	Title	Status	Phase	Start date	Completion date
NCT05258682	Safety of Nebulized Combination Therapy BromAc® in COVID-19 Respiratory Disease	Not yet recruiting	Phase 1\|Phase 2	May/01/2022	Oct/30/2022
Alternative id - MUC-COV-003 Interventions - Drug: Bromelains\|Drug: Acetylcysteine Study type - Interventional Study results - No Results Available Locations - Study designs - Allocation: N/A\|Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment\|Masking: None (Open Label)\|Primary Purpose: Treatment Enrollment - 30 Age - 18 Years to 75 Years (Adult, Older Adult) Outcome measures - Evaluate the treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) of BromAc therapy following nebulised delivery\|Proportion of participants that proceed to invasive ventilation for deterioration of COVID-19 (need for mechanical ventilation)\|World Health Organisation (WHO) modified ordinal scale clinical score\|Improvement or deterioration in oxygenation\|All-cause mortality\|Dose related toxicities\|Treatment-emergent serious adverse events (SAEs)
NCT04468139	The Study of Quadruple Therapy Zinc, Quercetin, Bromelain and Vitamin C on the Clinical Outcomes of Patients Infected With COVID-19	Recruiting	Phase 4	Jun/20/2020	Jul/30/2020
Alternative id - 20-95M Interventions - Drug: Quercetin\|Dietary Supplement: bromelain\|Drug: Zinc\|Drug: Vitamin C Study type - Interventional Study results - No Results Available Locations - Ministry of health.First health cluster ,Riaydh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Study designs - Allocation: N/A\|Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment\|Masking: None (Open Label)\|Primary Purpose: Treatment Enrollment - 60 Age - 18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult) Outcome measures - days of stay at hospital after treatment and discharge\|serum zinc before and after treatment\|questionnaire including parameters like BMI,,smoking , underling diseases, immunological treatment ,\|day of negative conversion for nasopharyngeal swab for rt-PCR FOR covid-19

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