Other substances

Breast milk

A female mammary gland product.

Phase of research

Potential treatment - pre-clinical evidence

How it helps

Antiviral

Drug status

Natural product

Supporting references

Contradictory references

AI-suggested references

Clinical trials

General information

Breast milk is a complex bioactive biofluid produced by female mammary glands. Besides nutritional value for the infant, it has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties (Andreas et al., 2015).

Breast milk on Wikipedia

Synonyms

Breastmilk

Supporting references

Link	Tested on	Impact factor	Notes	Publication date
The effect of whey protein on viral infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin coronavirus in vitro RdRpol Protein factor In vitro Mixed substance	Vero E6 cells; A549 cells; SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus; GX_P2V pangolin coronavirus model	13.49	Human breast milk and also milk preparations from other species (cow and goat; with lower efficiency) inhibited SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and a pangolin coronavirus model in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Breast milk blocked interaction between spike protein and host ACE2, viral attachment, viral entry, and viral replication. Skimmed breast milk inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, as well. The inhibition was not due to lactoferin.	Nov/24/2020
Detection of breastmilk antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid, spike and receptor-binding-domain antigens Protein factor In vitro Mixed substance	in vitro pseudovirus neutralization assay; COVID-19 convalescent 40-year-old breast-feeding female (breast milk donor)	5.78	A breastfeeding COVID-19 convalescent patient, who produced high titres of serum antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins, persistently secreted high titres of neutralizing antibodies in her breast milk. IgA class antibodies were especially abundant and had capacity to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. This neutralising capability was eliminated by heat treatment.	Dec/01/2020
Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, Antibodies, and Neutralizing Capacity in Milk Produced by Women with COVID-19 In vitro Mixed substance	in vitro binding assay; Vero E6/TMPRSS2 cells; SARS-CoV-2 isolate Hong Kong/VM20001061/2020	6.78	The breast milk from SARS-CoV-2-infected women did not contain detectable viral RNA. 76% of the milk samples contained SARS-CoV-2-specific IgAs and 80% IgGs. 62% of the milk samples displayed neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in vitro.	Feb/09/2021
Previous viral symptoms and individual mothers influenced the leveled duration of human milk antibodies cross-reactive to S1 and S2 subunits from SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-OC43 In vitro Mixed substance	in vitro binding assay	1.97	Human breast milk from donors who had experienced symptoms of viral infection showed increased levels of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein S2-reactive SIgA/IgA.	Mar/01/2021

AI-suggested references

Link	Publication date
Placental Swab in Supporting Diagnosis of Vertical Transmission in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Mothers.	Aug/17/2021
[COVID-19 during pregnancy and lactation: what do we already know?]	May/20/2020
Functional Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Variants with Mutations N501Y or E484K in Human Milk from COVID-19-Vaccinated, -Recovered, and -Unvaccinated Women.	Sep/17/2021
SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breast Milk After Vaccination.	Apr/08/2020
The Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides as an Antiviral Therapy against COVID-19.	Jun/16/2020
Antibodies in the breast milk of a maternal woman with COVID-19	May/16/2022
Secretory IgA and T cells targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are transferred to the breastmilk upon mRNA vaccination	Dec/02/2021
BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine elicited antibody response in blood and milk of breastfeeding women	Sep/10/2020
Detectable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in human breast milk of a mildly symptomatic patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)	Apr/22/2020
Induction of SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG and IgA in Serum and Milk with Different SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Breastfeeding Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Spain.	Aug/21/2021
Maternal-Neonatal Transfer of SARS CoV-2 IgG Antibodies among Parturient Women Treated with BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine during Pregnancy	Nov/19/2021
Neutralizing Antibodies and Cytokines in Breast Milk After Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA Vaccination	Nov/16/2021
COVID-19 Vaccine mRNABNT162b2 Elicits Human Antibody Response in Milk of Breastfeeding Women.	Jul/13/2021
Identified human breast milk compositions effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and variants infection and replication	Aug/26/2021
Quantification of Specific Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Breast Milk of Lactating Women Vaccinated With an mRNA Vaccine	Aug/02/2021
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG in human milk after vaccination is dependent on vaccine type and previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure: a longitudinal study	Apr/21/2022
Neutralizing Activity and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine mRNA Persistence in Serum and Breastmilk After BNT162b2 Vaccination in Lactating Women	Jun/28/2021
Detection of cross-reactive immunoglobulin A against the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike 1 subunit in saliva.	Nov/23/2021
Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study.	Mar/26/2021
Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Pregnant and Lactating Women.	May/13/2021
Dynamics of breast milk antibody titer in the six months following SARS-CoV-2 infection.	Jul/18/2021
COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and antibody response in lactating women: a prospective cohort study	Jul/02/2021
Differential pre-pandemic breast milk IgA reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 and circulating human coronaviruses in Ugandan and American mothers	Sep/20/2021
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines drive differential Fc-functional profiles in pregnant, lactating, and non-pregnant women	Oct/27/2021

Clinical trials

ID	Title	Status	Start date	Completion date
NCT05075031	Could Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), Contained in Breast Milk and Artificial Baby Milks, Protect Infants and Children From COVID-19 and Make Them Less Prone to COVID-19-related Severe Illness Than Adults?	Not yet recruiting	Dec/01/2021	Feb/01/2022
Alternative id - Observational COVID-19 Study Interventions - Study type - Observational Study results - No Results Available Locations - Study designs - Observational Model: Cohort\|Time Perspective: Retrospective Enrollment - 1500 Age - up to 25 Years (Child, Adult) Outcome measures - Susceptibility for COVID-19.\|Severity for COVID-19.\|Mortality\|Care and Critical Care\|Resolution of fever\|Percentage of children requiring intensive care support\|Clinical symptoms of children
NCT04836754	The Effect of Covid-19 on Breast Milk Microbiome and Its Bioactive Components	Not yet recruiting	May/01/2022	Sep/01/2022
Alternative id - Covid-19 Interventions - Study type - Observational Study results - No Results Available Locations - Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Sultangazi, Istanbul, Turkey Study designs - Observational Model: Case-Control\|Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional Enrollment - 30 Age - 18 Years to 35 Years (Adult) Outcome measures - data analysis:maternal and infant health\|Microbiological Analysis:human milk
NCT04768244	Impact of Maternal COVID-19 Disease on Breast Milk and Infant Health	Recruiting	Apr/01/2020	Dec/01/2021
Alternative id - covid1 Interventions - Other: maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection Study type - Observational Study results - No Results Available Locations - Fundacion Investigacion Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain\|Hospital Universitario y Politecnico la Fe, Valencia, Spain Study designs - Observational Model: Case-Control\|Time Perspective: Prospective Enrollment - 100 Age - 18 Years to 45 Years (Adult) Outcome measures - SARS-CoV-2 RNA\|breast milk immune\|breast milk microbiota\|breast milk metabolite\|infant microbiota\|infant growth and development
NCT04751734	Impact of Maternal COVID-19 Vaccines on Breast Milk	Enrolling by invitation	Jan/16/2021	Dec/01/2021
Alternative id - IATA-CSIC Interventions - Biological: Covid vaccines Study type - Observational Study results - No Results Available Locations - Fundacion Investigacion Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain\|Hospital Universitario y Politecnico la Fe, Valencia, Spain Study designs - Observational Model: Case-Control\|Time Perspective: Prospective Enrollment - 150 Age - 18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult) Outcome measures - Antibodies\|breast milk bioactive composition\|infant microbiota\|infant growth and development

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